unintentional aggression. WebIntrospection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. d. Frustration produces physical but not psychological aggression. But the editors at. In science, theories tend to be ___________ than hypotheses. In a window on one side was a burning Molotov cocktail. Never have. And the argument concludes with the assertion of the explanation. And whatever happened to Satcom III, the telecommunications satellite that some say almost crippled the satellite insurance industry? Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004 Soles WebTranscribed image text: www.bbt.com Our Time.com Cesearch Foundations, Process, and Ethics Savod Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? When we compare frequencies we see that the prior probability of each portion of the plumber explanation is quite low; and the conjunction of all portions (recall Chapter 10this requires that the probabilities of all the parts be multiplied) is far, far lower. What distinction (if any) is there between a scientific theory and a conceptual one that might lead you to disagree with this argument? An explanatory hypothesis is a type of hypothesis which is used to test the cause and effect relationship between two or more than two variables. But you can still ask whether such explanations make sense, and whether they make more sense than the alternative explanations. Dear Papa Bear: Its just a wild guess, but I think somebodys been sleeping in your bed. From what Ive told you, what conclusions would you draw? e. a and c, Which of the following is not an explanation put forth to explain athletes' aggressive behavior? Delayed on the way west in 1846, 87 pioneers were stranded in late October by heavy snows in the Sierra. Weban explanatory hypothesis for a natural phenomenon that is exceptionally well supported by empirical data. But the more moving parts a machine has, the more likely it is that it will break downso a well-designed machine includes no more parts than absolutely required. He claims he has no knowledge of the Molotov cocktail. , For many years, ship captains navigating the waters of Antarctica have been intrigued by rare sightings of emerald icebergs. The independent variable is manipulated to cause-effect on the dependent variable and the dependent variable is measured to examine the effect 2. Which of the following shows the correct order for a scientific explanation? a. reactive versus instrumental Hierarchical organization. To test for this, there are several questions that can require yes answers. OK, so shes not admitting to anything, but the next day when I went to get the pipe, it wasnt where I had put it! How often do people leave water spraying everywhere rather than simply turning it off? I know that all the critics panned your opening performance last night. He has undergone hardship and sickness, as his haggard face says clearly. Suppose I am encouraging you in your fledgling acting career and argue, You are so talented that all the critics who dont praise you are just jealous. Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? It can also be helpful to know that when explanatory arguments occur in ordinary language, the ifthen premise is more often than not implicit (which tends not to be the case with the fallacy of affirming the consequent). No. This hypothesis is not necessarily the right explanation. Resist the temptation, especially when you can see that coincidence has not been ruled out as an alternative explanation. Which system accumulates the costs for each department or process within the factory? Webe. Suppose I have heard that vitamin C prevents colds; I dont know whether to believe it but decide its worth looking into. I was being more careful about my health because I was engaged in the experiment. Males exhibit higher levels of aggression than females. Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? But where the two species competed for seeds, one evolved a beak suited for the small seeds, while the other developed a beak for the large seeds. Step 4. So, not only is the prior probability of magic negligible, but it is far lower than that of the leading alternative, illusion. When an explanations prior probability is extremely low, another alternative explanation is deception. Making any judgment about the explanation. If an explanation does already exist, then the outcome has a high prior probability and the argument is logically weak. Newtons account of celestial mechanics is correct and applies to the motion of comets. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information. Carl Hempel, The Philosophy of Natural Science. a person's unconscious. Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky. For a solution to be termed a scientific hypothesis, it has to be an idea that can be supported or refuted through carefully crafted experimentation or observation. Here is one of the classic exchanges:[4], Dear Abby: Im a traveling man whos on the road five days a week. Halley was especially interested in a comet he had observed in 1682. Ive really slimmed down. The simplicity test, as explained here, is related to the makes-sense test. The second part of the total evidence condition for explanatory arguments is this: the probability of the explanation must not be implausibly low and must be higher than that of the leading alternative explanations. As we have seen in the preceding chapters, the conclusion of a strong induction must fit both the premises and the available background evidence. c. reactive versus hostile a. In 1695, Edmund Halley began to ponder whether Newtons account of celestial mechanics was correct and, in particular, whether it applied to the motion of comets. But when, having slept in the car, your friend says, This water boiled quickly, so we must be well above sea level, this is offered as a reason to believe that we are well above sea level. Echinacea has no effect on the duration and severity of the symptoms of the common cold. Living organisms are able to respond to stimulisuch as light, moisture, or another organism. e. a and c, In the case study of head football coach Tom Martinez, Coach Martinez dealt with the area of aggressive play by Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. [Hint: First find P2P^2P2. b. thought out versus impulsive Prepare a cost of production report, using the average cost method. But the first one, Torricellis, has a higher prior probability because it is simpler, due to its prediction of a smoother curve. Again, the two sorts are subject to the same logical standards, though we can shape our inquiry a bit differently in each case. Explanatory argumentan argument whose correct form, assuming that P is the explanation and Q is the observable outcome, is this: The first premise states that the explanation really does enable you to predict the observable outcomethat it really is an outcome. In these cases it is better to say that you simply cannot decide, especially if the argument has not ruled out coincidence or deception as alternative explanations. e. They were born with an aggressive urge, e. They were born with an aggressive urge, Research on game reasoning (also called bracketed morality) has shown that Here is one good way of clarifying it: From a logical point of view, the chronological relationship between the two does not matter. The second premise states that the observable outcome has happenedthat it has been observed. They must satisfy the correct form condition, but, like every other inductive argument, they would be logical failures were that their only success; they must also satisfy the total evidence condition. c. Aggression sometimes facilitates performance and sometimes does not. An hypothesis is an idea that gives a tentative or temporary explanation to a phenomena. Does this mean that explanatory arguments are always fallacious? An engaging and more detailed account of this experiment can be found in Keith Arnolds Pascals Great Experiment,. Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking? Its like coming back from the dead. . B. For the observable outcome of premise 2 is something that we would fully expect, even if the explanation were false. Its a favorite of macabre schoolchildren. The lights in this old house keep flickering. 5) Growth, development, and reproduction. Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers. The other roots the power of suggestion in physiology: extreme fright and despair disrupt the sympathetic nervous system and paralyze body functions. In this section we will look at the improbability of the outcome. Look for coincidence as an alternative explanation. Butterfingers, of course. For both general and singular explanations, ask whether this sort of explanation makes sensethat is, whether there is a satisfactory conceptual framework for it and whether it is more satisfactory than the alternatives. The irrational belief that actions not related by logic to a course of events can influence an outcome. That should prove to you that it is running low. Ask whether an outcome rules out the leading alternative explanations. Why, that he was a retired sergeant of Marines. . This is not to say dogmatically that magic cannot happen. The empirical method of study is based on ________. In which of the following situations is aggression likely to occur? She claims she has never seen that pipe before and doesnt know how it got there. We are the only two people in this apartment. The second premise states that the observable outcome has happenedthat it really has been observed. A. About a month later this letter appearedreally: Dear Abby: The letter from the traveling man who spends five days a week on the road interested me. a. It is conducted to have a better understanding of the existing problem, but will not provide conclusive results. First: make observations; Last: Interpret data. But Im not stupid. Which of the following statements is NOT one of their recommendations? If the prior probability of the explanation is extremely low and deception has not been ruled out as an alternative explanation, judge the logic of the argument to be weak. I thought it was the wind blowing up the canyon, like it does, you know, except it was real still. Also termed a theory or an explanatory hypothesis. For singular explanations, the simplest one normally offers the fewest explanatory entities. Which of the following shows the correct order for a scientific explanation? Another contemporary of his, French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal, suspected that Torricelli was right but that a greater altitude was required to prove it. b. fans become more aggressive after watching violent contact sports General explanationan explanation that can apply to a wide range of observable outcomes. d. a and b. e. a and c. b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. This is solid evidence for the existence of the so-called sophomore jinx. In some explanatory arguments, the explanatory theory is first invented, then the observable outcome is predicted and looked for. a. aggressive behavior and media violence. When I bought the housedespite its terrible conditionthe sellers let slip that someone had died here. c. as either reactive or instrumental Concrete, according to the campus architect, was poured whenever the schedule required and the necessary materials were available. This makes good sense. B. Statistics and Probability questions and answers, Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? Higher expectations by teachers and by themselves causes students to perform better. Explanation: Simone is a code word. The following are illustrative examples of explanatory power. Im illegitimate.. It is easy to invent a convenient explanation for data you already have, but then to disregard failure to fully satisfy the total evidence condition. In Arnhem Land, it seems, sorcery kills not by suggestion or paralyzing fear, but by dehydration. Also, the doctors reported, an extensive battery of pulmonary function tests failed to produce the kinds of findings that are characteristic of an asthmatic. Thousands of lives are going to be wrecked over this. At least one source of income was going to be wrecked. But how can the mere belief that one is doomed be fatal? Is the foundation of all scientific experiments. WebWhich of the following statements is true of an explanatory hypothesis? A frequently observed and poorly understood phenomenon in which there is a positive response to treatment with an inactive substance. It is freeloading; so it deserves no credit when the outcome comes true. ________________ makes scientific-sounding claims that are not supported by trustworthy, methodical scientific studies. Some machines require a large number of moving parts to work properly. Companies MOST LIKELY do this to: Demonstrate that the scientists conducting the trial are not biased in concluding that the drug is effective. Frustration produces increased anger or pain. Applying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? This means that an unusually good performance would typically be followed by a poorer onereturning downward to the meanand that an unusually bad performance would typically be followed by a better oneagain returning to the mean, but this time upward. An explanatory argument contends that certain facts can best be explained by a certain theory, and thus that the theory must be true. A proposed explanation for observed phenomena. Neither the researchers nor the study's participants know who is receiving the drug and who is receiving the placebo. My heads-tossing student may have been skillful, or she may have gotten lucky . her own conscious experience. 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