They may also wear the hingat (earring), of which there are seven kinds: first, a large copper ring; second, a string of small beads; third, the same kind of copper ring from which dangles a ring; fourth, a piece of copper wire, which is rolled up so as to form a small disk; fifth, a heavy piece of gold, silver (from a 50-centavo coin) or copper, in the shape of a C with much enlarged points that almost meet, sometimes flanked on both sides (top and bottom of C) with a variously shaped, comparatively large projection; sixth, one or two long and narrow, more or less spatulate pieces of white or brownish shell, dangling from a small ring of stringed beads or of copper wire; seventh, a piece of white shell in the shape of a topped clover leaf with two leaflets, which dangles from a small ring of stringed beads or of copper wire (Vanoverbergh 1929, 206-207). They're unique among all ethnic groups in North Luzon for their interesting customs and traditions. The Ifugao family is responsible for its affairs as long as every family member follows custom law. Less common are tattoos on the face, buttocks, and legs. Baki or rituals express the Ifugaos religious beliefs and are led by the mombaki. They also used coconut fonds leaves as roofs and walls for their huts. When all this stored rice has been consumed, the apui is performed. The Kiangan dancing bulol have separately carved and pegged arms. Myrtle Matzger, an American Protestant missionary founded the Ifugao Academy in 1930. When a warrior is killed, the bangibang (funeral, war, or revenge dance), is performed during his burial rites. In Kiangan and Banaue, the Ifugao were exposed to formal American education, although only children of the prominent Ifugao could avail of it. The Ifugao World. The intinlu is made of three pieces of cloth, joined together by a takdog or takdang and other stitches, which are made using a black thread alternating with white. Portions of the uncooked meatknown as watwat in Tuwali and togma in Henangaare given to the relatives of the dead to take home. Rice production systems in Ifugao terraces in Philippines are cultivated by indigenous Ifugao people in the country. The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon. Philippine Journal of Science 1 (October): 791-875. . The giniling is a bracelet made of heavy copper wire coiled like a spring 20 to 40 times, gradually increasing in width. 1970. The Hudhud Pumbakhayon ad Daligdigan (Hudhud of Pumbakhayon at Daligdigan) is believed to be the first hudhud. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. The typical residents of the house are a family consisting of the couple and their small child. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Researchers and nonmilitary personnel, like Dean Worcester of the Philippine Commission of 1900, went to the mountains to study the indigenous tribes in the Philippines. Government programs have had little impact on the economic conditions of the people. Culture of the Ifugao people values kinship, family ties, religious and cultural beliefs. Hikgut is the ritual sweeping of the house when the rice that is kept in the attic is first used. Hunting plays a major part in the peoples subsistence; thus, there are many ritual myths about hunting. The poorer Ifugao use bamboo for their walls. ARTS OF Kadangyan males wear the kango or yang ngoh during weddings and funerals. They are expected to obey and respect their parents at all times and help them with work. They stayed in dormitories called agamang under the care of an old man, a widow, or an elderly unmarried woman. Thin projections of brass or horn also extend from the sides, resembling the horns of a water buffalo. The things they used at home are also made of native materials. Among the Ifugao, Tuwali is the lingua franca, and Ilocano is the second language, used particularly for trading and travel. Republic of the Philippines Division of Adult and Community Education. Members of the family are advised to marry within the region or if they marry an outsider, to settle near the parents residence. This article is from the CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art Digital Edition. De Leon, Gerardo, director. But in the January 1990 plebiscite, the Organic Act for the Cordillera Autonomous Region was much opposed, with only the Ifugao province voting in favor of it with a margin of 2,000. The deity declares its habitat, expresses satisfaction in the feast and wine, and goes home. Antalaw represents the father of Bugan and also the living father of either husband or wife for whom the rites are being held. Talungtung (narrow band with fringes) runs along the edges of the width of the blanket. On the other hand, girls are taught to manage the home, work in the fields, and recite numerous ballads, especially the hudhud and the liwliwa (love song). Agricultureboth wet and dryis the main source of livelihood among the Ifugao. The initial work of preparing the paddies is strenuous. Both the husband and wife can reclaim the wealth and property they owned before their marriage. The Philippines: Past and Present. http://www.nnc.gov.ph/related-links/item/1403. They use bird traps and nets for catching bats. Children are well attended to, especially when still very young. Dulawan, Lourdes S. 1967. The Banaue Hotel and Youth Hostel was soon constructed in the municipality of Banaue. The gamong is for the dead and has several designs: mortar, men, python, lizard, snake, ladder, and shuttle. During World War II, schools were operated by Japanese teachers and Nihonggo was taught. Only rice is served during rites and feasts. The corpse is placed in a sitting position in front of the house. The paddies nourish snails and fish that complement the Ifugaos diet. 1955. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. 1929. National Statistical Coordinating Board. In the Kiangan district, the rich are composed of three groups: the kadangyan, ordinary rich; the ballihung or immuyya-uy, the middle elite; and the himagabi, the wealthiest. The film won major awards in the 1955 Asian Film Festival in Singapore. Deities are called upon in the forest to approve of the type of tree to be used for the carving. The hibat produces resonant tones, and the ahhot produces the damped sounds. Rattan is the material used for household baskets. 1929. The first ritual preceding a hunt is called pahang di amaiyu, which involves sacrificing a chicken and spending ceremonial days of idleness until omens are found favorable. During harvest rituals, the libbit, a small conical drum, is added to the ensemble. Chanting or singing can be done either by one individual, such as when putting a child to sleep, or, more often, by a group, which may have a lead chanter or singer. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. In the story, the hero Aliguyon arrives at the bank of the Lobong ad Lagud (Lake of the Downstream Region) to which the water of all rivers flow. 2004. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. Styles vary among Ifugao living in different places: The sitting types are found in Banaue and Mayoyao; the standing types with hands resting on thighs in Hungduan; the flat or uncarved backs in Lagawe; and the dancing type with hands stretched sideways in Kiangan. Funi or buni derives from kabunian or abniyan (skyworld). Baguio City: Cordillera Schools Group. Documentary film. http://www.oovrag.com/essays/essay2004a-3.shtml. For as long as there was military presence, the Ifugao welcomed the protection of the friars, who were aiming to convert them. Custom law provides the Ifugao people with a political system that governs all aspects of their relationships. Unique to the Ifugao is the manner in which they play the tobobwith a clenched fist. Other economic activities include fishing in the streams and ponds, pottery making, basketry, and wood carving. Underneath the roof is a platform that is positioned so that it forms a recess. Obusan, Ramon, director. Girls learn to weave by helping their mother or elder sister, and by actual practice under elder women. A pig tied by its hooves to a pole follows the warriors. Perez, Rodrigo, III, Rosario S. Encarnacion, and Julian E. Dacanay Jr. 1989. Washington, D.C.: Catholic Anthropological Conference. Philippine Pagans: The Autobiographies of Three Ifugaos. During rituals, ancestors are invoked, with the bulol being a central figure, especially in rice rituals. 1957. They are of Malay stock and their language is Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), as is that of their neighbours, but they have developed a number of cultural characteristics that set them apart. The culture and social habits of the associated community has developed deep ties with these rice terraces. Different types of gongs or gangsa are played. 2001. For every type of crime, there is a corresponding punishment. 1913. Another ritual sculpture is the komis (fern tree figure), which has a protective function. The colors of the tapis can range from all white to a very dark blue with hape (white stripes). 2014. Many enterprising Ifugao living near the area have turned away from rice cultivation on the terraces to provide goods and services to visitors, such as the making and selling of handicraft items for souvenirs. The other gongs are played with sticks that strike the inner surface of the gong. Incest is strictly forbidden in Ifugao law. Ifugao is also the name of a province, one among six of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR). Early Ifugao culture had a ranked social organization based on kinship. At harvest, workers are paid in shares of sheaves of rice plus meals. Myths relate incidents that happened at a time when the world had not yet been created and man had not yet taken full control of its material possession, arts, and culture. Baguio City: Baguio Printing and Publishing Co. Tolentino, Delfin. They wear earrings and pendants like those worn by men. Pangulchihon and Angudyawon are the descendants of Bugan, daughter of Amtalaw. Batok is the male practice of tattooing, commonly done on the chest, shoulders, and arms. Another kind of armlet is made of a pair of boar tusks that are tied at the broader ends with rattan string, with the pointed ends touching to form a circle. While kneeling in front of the dancers, the gong players hold the gangsa on top of their thighs with the convex side held up. When the American troops came, the Ifugao were astonished at the difference between them and Aguinaldos troops. The Philippine Journal of Science 4 (4): 237-255. Bulol height usually ranges from 30-60 centimeters . The dance is repeated, and an old man runs out to remove the spears. After the war, Ifugao families went back to their fields while roads were being repaired. In wedding rituals, the mombaki inspects the bile of the sacrificial animals to read the wishes of the gods. Ifugao Ifugao is home to a thriving ancient culture and host to the famous rice terraces. The men wear copper wire leglets coiled around 20 to 40 times beginning from just above the calf and gradually widening downward to follow the contour of the calf. We've updated our privacy policy. Textiles with blue, red, and black dye designs are made into blankets, skirts, and G-strings. The tadcheng is a similar instrument with four strings strummed with the fingers. To this group also belong the field workers who do not own land but serve the kadangyan either as servants or tenants. The Ifugaos trace their ancestry to two legendary figures: Pfukhan and Gwikhan. Quezon City: GCF Books. The heat and smoke serve to dry the interior as well as the grain stored in the upper part of the house. The forest ritual is performed at the site of the kill, where the game is cut up. (Touch the house and the owner runs about. This helps in determining who to invite to feasts and gatherings that require the presence of relatives. In Asipulo, for instance, there are least three Ifugao subgroups speaking different Ifugao languages: Tuwali, Hanlulo, and Adyangan. 1974.Customs and Culture of the Philippines. Carrying baskets have been so designed as to leave a persons hands free to carry other loads. It is worn by both men and women. Houses are arranged according to the shape of the terraces. Justice may be considered by the victims relative. 1909. The Ifugaos artistry is also reflected in what they wear. 1906. Ifugao villages consist of 12 to 30 houses, usually near the terraces that they cultivate and near water sources and clumps of trees. The piniwa G-string is different from the piniwaan nilihha only because the formers design is made through dyeing. Regular military operations in the region have slowed down development work. It is said that the cultural heroes Bugan and Balitok, or Bugan and Wigan, bought the first ablan (weaving loom) from Punholdayan. Offerings are always part of the rites performed. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Manila: MCS Enterprises Inc. . . Province: Ifugao. NSCB website. New York: Brewer and Warren. In some barangays in Banaue, the Ifugao believe that there are five causes of illnesses: when the anito (spirit) snatches the soul from ones body; when spirits of those who were beheaded or killed violently snatch the soul of a living person; when a supernatural power called funi or buni causes the sickness; when illness is caused by a dead relative; or when a mombaki performs black magic to cause the sickness. The death penalty was rarely imposed, even for crimes as grave as murder. One song which is about the introduction of land transportation in 1930 narrates what happens to a husband and wife who traveled by automobile. It consists of three pieces of blue cloth, with narrow, horizontal, white stripes, and two broken double lines of red triangles or squares (Vanoverbergh 1929, 209). . Igorot: A People Who Daily Touch the Earth and the Sky. But when a custom or law is violated, the victim must seek justice. Then the rice granary is opened, and new bundles of rice are taken out. A soloist does the narration, and a group choruses its affirmation of the narrative at regular intervals. Myths are generally told in the present tense although the narratives take place in the past. Pumbakhayon returns to his village with Aginaya to celebrate their own marriage. Speeches are made in between these dances, with the resounding whoooo-o-eee serving to silence those present so that the speech may be delivered (Wilcox 1912, 109-112). Another percussion instrument is the bangibang or pattong. 7 August. Nearby are displayed the jawbones of sacrificial animals. National Economic and Development Authority-Cordillera Adminsitrative Region. Lodriguito, Benjamin G. 1978. Accessed 10 August 2014. http://cinemarehiyon.com/. Although the social organization of the Ifugao differs remarkably from the Balinese, the intensive agricul-tural system and management of irrigation are similar. Weeping, she walks along the river until she reaches the sea. They are represented as small, human figures with spirit dogs carved from a fern tree or soapstone, and are placed in small grass-roofed shrines. , UNESCOs List of World Heritage in Danger, Apocalypse Yesterday Already! Stores were allowed to sell local goods and produce. He was the political and religious authority who had acquired wealth and distinction. However, many Ifugao still find the ritual authority of mombaki as complementary to the evolving cultural needs of Ifugao communities in contemporary times. One end is buried 50 centimeters into the ground, along with stones firmly placed around the posts to steady them. Scott, William Henry. However, American pacification efforts made no distinct dent on the Ifugao identity. A quenching rite, performed by throwing boiling water from the cauldron into the coals, is done and an invocation is again performed. Some Ifugao proverbs are: Hay uya-uy di puntupong hi kinadangyan di ohan, (The feast is the yardstick of a persons wealth. There are incantations, prayers, and animal sacrifices. Families still perform the ritual even if it would mean mortgaging their property or even incurring a lifetime of debt. Fern tree figures were used in ceremonies before headhunting and in construction of arches along trails as protection from evil spirits. The rainbow, they say, is the G-string of Attibungallon ya wanoh Puwok, the typhoon deity. When our forefathers set foot on our country, they made use of the available materials for their needs. Cinema Rehiyon. While the carving of the ritual bulol has stopped, the Ifugao continue to use these few remaining images in their rice rituals and in guarding their rice granaries. Rice is grown mainly on the terraces, while sweet potatoes and other tubers are grown on the mountainsides that they have cleared. An origin myth about the peopling of the earth takes pains to justify incest, which is shown to be the only way in which the human race could have multiplied. Ifugao epics are chanted romances recounting the origins of the people, the life and adventure of Ifugao heroes, the valor of men and the beauty of women, as well as ancient customs and traditions. Recitation of hunting myths follows the rites. Revenge is a firm Ifugao tradition. Songs are also known according to the historical period they represent. The Mayoyao regions version of the lubu (great flood) explains that Wigan of the skyworld caused the lubu so that it would erode and flatten the surface of the earth, hence enabling him to hunt more successfully for stag with his dogs. Social classes exist in Ifugao society, and these are based on wealth, indicated by the possession of heirloom objects such as antique porcelain; sacrificial animals like carabaos, pigs, and chickens; other household items of value; and a considerable amount of money. Beyer, Henry Otley. Surfaces are often decorated with repetitive concave waves. 2011. 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