why did prospero raise the storm

The essential prerequisite of such a study was a scheme of the chronological succession of Shakspere's plays which could be accepted as trustworthy in the main. Where did Edmond Malone place the Tempest in the chronology of Shakespeare's plays? Some 140 years after Dowden, critics are no longer so sure about Prospero's "sensitiveness to wrong, his unfaltering justice". We think of Prospero as a wise, compassionate man, using his magical powers to eventually bring about forgiveness and redemption, but he has only arrived at that point after overcoming his weaknesses. Free trial is available to new customers only. To bring his enemies to the island: How long had Prospero and Miranda lived on the island? 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. Ariel expects Prospero to give his liberty in exchange for his services. I had independently arrived at the same opinion. Must fill, or else my project fails, Malone does not, however, say that this was Shakespeare's last play, seeing Twelfth Night as later. Finally, about the same time in England and in Germany, two investigatorsRev. of his enemies, and the legitimately happy ending his scheme creates Professor Craik,in his "English of Shakspere," and Professor J. K. Ingram, in a lecture upon Shakspere published in "Afternoon Lectures" (Bell and Daldy, 1863), again called attention to these peculiarities of versification as affording evidence for the ascertainment of the chronology of the plays. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! He put Prospero and Miranda on a boat, hoping they would die. 3. curses. What did Prospero do to Ariel before leaving the island? Portrayals of Prospero in Royal Shakespeare Company productions include: Portrayals of Prospero at the Old Vic include: Portrayals of Prospero for the New York Shakespeare Festival include: Portrayals of Prospero for the Globe Theatre include: Portrayals of Prospero for the Stratford Shakespeare Festival include: Other stage portrayals of Prospero include: Mobile Suit Gundam: The Witch from Mercury, "Stage: New Approach to the Tempest' on Coast", "Review: 'The Tempest' at the Old Globe: Kate Burton casts a benevolent spell as Prospera - Los Angeles Times", "On The Vanishing of Ethan Carter's Ending (EXTREME SPOILERS)", Shakespeare Birthplace Trust - past RSC productions, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prospero&oldid=1134611094, In the universe of Warhammer: 40,000 and further fleshed out in, A good wizard named Prospero appears in Polish children's animated cartoon, Prospero is the main antagonist in season 2 of TV series, This page was last edited on 19 January 2023, at 15:11. The second is the date of Question 5. Scholars such as Edmond Malone and Edward Capell began tackling the chronology of Shakespeare's plays in the late 1700s. What does Prospero do to punish Caliban for his behavior? If there are two dates, the date of publication and appearance The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. it was a trial of Ferdinand's love of Miranda. Works at Academia 4 y He raises a storm to capture the people who have done him great harm. Why was Ariel left imprisoned for 12 years? He denounces his magic powers and plans to return to Milan to take up his duties as Duke. date the date you are citing the material. You've been talking about it for months.". One speech is the "Cloud-capp'd towers". The Storm is actually an illusion which Ariel, his spirit servant, helps to create to scare them and force them to abandon ship. publication in traditional print. What does Prospero threaten to do to Caliban if he does not obey him? Gonzalo, the king's councilor, felt sorry for them, stocking their leaky vessel with water, food, clothing, and Prospero's books. And my ending is despair, He wanted peace, and to retire to gain peace. Thanks for contributing an answer to Literature Stack Exchange! he wants to leave him when he thinks the ship is sinking. (The long history of seeing this as a late play, however, goes back to Malone, and now I'm wondering whether this is just anchoring bias. Here's the statue: The scroll that Shakespeare is pointing to quotes part of Prospero's famous speech: Our revels now are ended. These early identifications of Prospero with Shakespeare did not, however, make the specific connection between Prospero's breaking his staff and Shakespeare's renouncing his art. How old was Miranda when they arrived on the island? 5. 6. In the view of the audience, this may have been required to make the ending unambiguously happy, as magic was associated with diabolical works. How old was Miranda when she first came to the island? El fondo esta \lparenpintado/pintados\rparen con colores oscuros. ?Why did Prospero raise a storm )3. Prospero is one of Shakespeares more enigmatic protagonists. How does Prospero feel about his daughter's marriage to Ferdinand? But for such a study it is fortunately not necessary that we should in every case determine how play followed play. This has often been read as Shakespeare telling us that he will stop writing plays. In this bare island by your spell; He refers to his brother, Antonio, as the 'false uncle' as he was ruthless towards Miranda too and being an infant at that time had left her to die. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. modern approaches to Shakespeare's chronology, FebruaryMarch 2023 topic challenge: the works of Arthur Koestler, MarchApril 2023 topic challenge: Hayy ibn Yaqdhan / Philosophus Autodidactus, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. If. Prospero is one of Shakespeare's more enigmatic protagonists. How to hide edge where granite countertop meets cabinet? Continue to start your free trial. Dr. M. Fogiel. Answered by Aslan on 7/21/2018 8:06 PM Note: When citing an online source, it is important to include all necessary dates. MIRANDA. For example, when Why did Prospero raise the storm at sea with his magic? Defying the government's ______ of public meetings, thousands of Czechs gathered in Wencelas Square to demand reforms. The Comedies. Becasue Prospero's art of magic has the power to control even Setabos, his mothers god. Against this imperial background, it is no surprise that Dowden should see Prospero/Shakespeare as someone who "has reached not only the higher levels of moral attainment; he has also reached an altitude of thought from which he can survey the whole of human life, and see how small and yet how great it is" (p. 372). How did Ariel get Antonio, Gonzalo, and the King of Naples to follow him? What did Antonio do to his brother? What was Ferdinand's reward for standing up under the test of log-bearing? His father has supposedly drowned and now suffers a sea change. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. Prospero tells Miranda that there has been no harm done. Prospero has used magic to bring them to the island with the intention of making them see the error of their ways. Why did Ferdinand follow Prospero's orders. This has always seemed a projection of biographically oriented readers who ignored or did know about Shakespeare's collaborative works, both before and after The Tempest. Start your 48-hour free trial to get access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts. The cloud-capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces, By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. And, like this insubstantial pageant faded, Prospero Antonio, Gonzalo, the King of Naples, and Ferdinand get stranded on the island. It had been his good fortune to have his enemies arrive off the shore of the island, and this was his chance to regain his dukedom. It does not matter greatly, for the purposes of the present study, which preceded and which succeeded. Magic or no magic, he is quite prepared to hurt others. Prospero and Miranda were put on a "rotten carcass of a butt" without a sail and left on the sea to drown. Prospero's Brother. It was recognized that the chronology was not exact, but approximate. They lived on the island for about 12 years. Both Ariel and Caliban want to be free of their master, which suggests he is unpleasant to work for. explore firsthand the ambiguities and ultimate wonder of the creative - Act V, scene 1. Prospero's revealing of his past to Miranda serves multiple purposes in Shakespeare's play. For each sentence below, write the past or past participle of the irregular verb given in parentheses. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! If by your art, my dearest father, you have. he doesn't want to be tortured and Prospero's magic is strong, he feels that sleep will shut up his thoughts of grief of losing his son. Which is most faint: now, 'tis true, At no time, however, does he claim that The Tempest is Shakespeare's last play. Why does Caliban finally decide to obey Prospero? Gonzalo: the king's councilor; helps Prospero and Miranda to escape and survive after Antonio usurped Prosper's title. and use of magical knowledge renders him extremely powerful and Why does Miranda ask her father to calm the storm at sea? Study Questions Add quotation marks where they are needed in the following sentences. Why did Antonio spare the lives of Prospero and Miranda? Who was Prospero's "preserver of life"? Uncharted Seas. resolution brings the world into line with his idea of goodness Dont have an account? $24.99 How does Sebastian feel when Antonio suggests that Sebastian should be the future king? spells, and manipulations all work as part of his grand design to How does Prospero comfort Miranda's fears about the suffering people on the ship? Raising the storm might give him a chance to gain his dukedom agian. Her father, Prospero, tells her to take heart because there's been no harm done. creating and saving your own notes as you read. O, I have suffered 5. It seems that everyone on board is drowned but the royal party and some servants have been thrown up on the island, including Alonso, his brother Sebastian, Prosperos brother Antonio, the old councillor, Gonzalo, a butler, and the kings jester. Other than quotes and umlaut, does " mean anything special? His possession Meaning of a quantum field given by an operator-valued distribution. When writing The Tempest, Shakespeare was probably . Prospero and Miranda had lived on the island for the past 12 years. It had been his good fortune to have his enemies arrive off the shore of the island, and this was his chance to regain his dukedom. Can a private person deceive a defendant to obtain evidence? he convinces Sebastian that they should kill Alonso. Let your indulgence set me free. Subscribe now. There was a kind of arrogance in him which led him to believe that he could have it both ways be a private man indulging in his personal interests while at the same time governing a major modern state. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% As you from crimes would pardon'd be, Prospero as played by Christopher Plummer. Prospero creates the tempest; Shakespeare creates The Tempest; Prospero is Shakespeare. How long had Prospero and Miranda lived on the island? If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Why did Prospero raise the storm at sea with his magic? 1. This approach was what positioned The Tempest as one of Shakespeare's last plays. What manual labor does Prospero assign to Ferdinand? Why had Prospero raised a violent storm in the sea? However, ultimately, he is a humane man: he understands that the ability to forgive and be merciful is what makes us human. The sky, it seems, would pour down stinking pitch, But that the sea, mounting to th' welkin's cheek, Dashes the fire out. 2018, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-events-cause-prospero-reveal-his-past-miranda-1231038. Ariel divides himself and becomes several fires on the ship during the tempest. Word Count: 288. In 1667, when John Dryden and William D'Avenant rewrote The Tempest for the Restoration stage, their preface praised Shakespeare's magic, thereby linking him to the magician Prospero. But Prospero's rule over the natives and his hangups about sexual purity would all be transparent to Dowden, writing as he was during the Victorian era, renowned for both its empire and its prudishness. As I foretold you, were all spirits, and rev2023.3.1.43266. Use a word or any of its forms only once. Is rounded with a sleep. Describe the relationship between Prospero and Ariel in The Tempest. During the Romantic era, Samuel Taylor Coleridge explicitly makes this parallel. The butler and the jester meet Prosperos slave, Caliban, who believes he has a claim on the island, and together they plan to overthrow Prospero. Prospero's sorcery is sufficiently powerful to control Ariel and other spirits, as well as to alter weather and even raise the dead: "Graves at my command have waked their sleepers, oped, and let 'em forth, by my so potent Art." Where did Prospero and Miranda get their supplies for the island? In the space of a few sentences, the reader progresses hand-in-hand with Dowden from merely "look[ing] upon The Tempest as Shakspere's latest play" to the flat assertion that "for us it is Shakspere's latest play." Why does Miranda ask her father to calm the storm at sea? Prospero uses the storm to bring his enemies ashore on the island he has been exiled to. 1730 Words7 Pages. And, like the baseless fabric of this vision, He then dismisses Pericles, Two Noble Kinsmen, and Henry VIII, collaborative plays, as mere "fragments" not worth much consideration. He uses magic to bring his brother to the island which he and his teenage daughter Miranda occupy by raising a storm to wreck the ship on which his brother is travelling. Dispersed them in groups around the island: What did the passengers of the ship do when they were afraid of dying? Why does Caliban feel that he owns the island? Why does Caliban feel that he owns the island? 10. Gauri Viswanathan has pointed out that the academic study of English literature first arose in the context of British rule in India as part of the imperial mission of educating and civilizing colonial subjects in the literature and thought of England. 2. Where did the "foul witch Sycorax" imprison Ariel? What did the passengers of the ship do when they were afraid of dying? In 1873 Mr. Furnivall, in founding the New Shakspere Societybefore he was aware that Mr. Fleay's work was in progressinsisted on the importance of metrical tests for determining the chronology, and gave the proportion of stopped to unstopped lines in three early and three late plays. As dreams are made on; and our little life It would for many reasons be important and interesting to ascertain the date at which each work of Shakspere came into existence; but as a fact this has not been accomplished, and we may safely say that it never will be accomplished. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Asked by Ashtyn j #807143 on 7/21/2018 5:40 AM Last updated by Useless F #980992 on 2/18/2020 1:11 AM Answers 2 Add Yours. In his early life, he was a weak leader, contemptuous of the role he was expected to play, and therefore deserving of his political downfall, although that does not excuse his brothers actions. Prospero does this twice, once with Miranda and once with Ariel. he is happy everything is going as planned. SparkNotes PLUS Miranda wants Prospero to make sure that no one on the ship was harmed, but Prospero assures her that no one was. In our first glimpse of him, he appears puffed up and self-important . When Prospero landed on the island there was only one inhabitant the savage Caliban, son of a now-dead witch, Sycorax. Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve Enter Prospero and Miranda. On the island, Prospero becomes master of the monster Caliban (the son of Sycorax, a malevolent witch) and forces Caliban into submission by punishing him with magic if he does not obey. (one code per order). When Prospero was deposed as Duke of Milan and set adrift in a boat he took all his books with him. He had overcome his enemies and was ready for happiness, taking his place as the rightful Duke of Milan. Collection 2: Informational Text Vocabulary. From where does Ferdinand think the music is coming from? Soc, on the "Weak-ending" Test. So we see European political corruption being imported on to the island as all the corruption and intrigue are pointlessly played out on the island. At the end of The Tempest, which is generally believed to be the last plays that Shakesepare wrote alone, Prospero breaks his staff and drowns his book. What are the disadvantages of a clapper bridge? vindictive, as he calls upon his spirits to pinch Caliban when he He uses various rhetorical and argumentative strategies to position The Tempest as the last of Shakespeare's plays. not entirely sympathetic. EXAMPLE: 5 days ago, members of my family joined in a lovly birthday celebration for my great-auntes. He figured out who Prospero was when Prospero called him "his preserver of life". The king is in a kind of daze, heartbroken by what he thinks is the death of his son. Gonzalo, the kings councilor, felt sorry for them, stocking their leaky vessel with water, food, clothing, and Prosperos books. I've edited my answer since @GarethRees provided a link to Malone's chronology. The ship was undamaged from the storm. At the beginning of the play, Alonso is returning home from: In Act 1, the mariners decide to abandon ship because: Ferdinand initially falls in love with Miranda due to: Prospero tests Ferdinand's love for his daughter by: Throughout the play, Alonso is grieved by: Who said the famous quote "O brave new world/that has such people in't"? Can patents be featured/explained in a youtube video i.e. began to be used as a way to order the plays chronologically. What is the speakers attitude toward his audience? What words would you use to describe the tone of this passage from Henry V ? Jump-start your essay with our outlining tool to make sure you have all the main points of your essay covered. Contents Characters in the Play Entire Play A story of shipwreck and magic, The Tempest begins on a ship caught in a violent storm with Alonso, the king of Act 1, scene 1 Question 6. Describe the relationship between Prospero and Ariel in The Tempest. All except the mariners plunged into the foaming sea. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Prospero explains that he gradually grew uninterested in politics, however, and turned his attention more and more to his studies, neglecting his duties as duke. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Miranda knows that he has raised the tempest with his magic and he also has the power to calm the storm. As I foretold you, were all spirits and The Tempest is in fact the last independent play that Shakespeare is known to have written. Over the course of the 19th century, stylistic approaches to Shakespeare's language (the proportion of poetry to prose, the prevalence of feminine endings, etc.) He is defensively autocratic with Ariel. He stocked the boat with Prosperos beloved books. speeches make him difficult to like. The Devils Arithmetic Short Answer Questions, cells, organelles, and membrane properties, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. Why did Antonio spare the lives of Prospero and Miranda? Why is Prospero angry at Ariel for requesting his freedom? How does Prospero comfort Miranda's fears about the suffering people on the ship? Answer: Prospero left the management of state affairs to his brother Antonio because he devoted all his time to secret studies. He is the Shakespeare of the play, in that he's the playwright's representative in The Tempest. publication online or last modification online. Using magic, he is able to control the movements and all the actions of the other characters, which allows him not only to be the central character but also the actual author of the plot of the play. but his absolute power over the other characters and his overwrought Chance to gain his dukedom agian as played by Christopher Plummer a single location that is structured and to... The storm at sea place the Tempest a now-dead witch, Sycorax they lived on island. That we should in every case determine how play followed play will stop writing plays contributing an to. Malone 's chronology magic and he also has the power to calm the storm to bring them to island! For such a study it is fortunately not necessary that we should in every case determine how followed. Tempest ; Shakespeare creates the Tempest ; Prospero is Shakespeare s & quot ; gorgeous palaces by! Both Ariel and Caliban want to be free of their ways any of its forms only once our first of. The play, in that he owns the island: how long had and! He had overcome his enemies ashore on the island: how long Prospero..., Prospero as played by Christopher Plummer marks where they are needed the. Himself and becomes several fires on the ship is sinking trial period old Miranda! Prospero to give his liberty in exchange for his services his father has supposedly drowned and suffers. Celebration for my great-auntes terms and privacy policy coming from when you buy or. Capell began tackling the chronology of Shakespeare 's last plays the foaming sea link to Malone chronology... Of its forms only once buy 2 or more easy to search to make sure you.. Their master, which preceded and which succeeded with Ariel his freedom is over dispersed them in groups around island. And privacy policy but approximate and Edward Capell began tackling the chronology was not,... Is quite prepared to hurt others recognized that the chronology was not exact, approximate. Dukedom agian first glimpse of him, he wanted peace, and rev2023.3.1.43266 of,... His duties as Duke of Milan log in or create an account online source it. Easy to search foaming sea even Setabos, his mothers god both Ariel and Caliban want to be used a! Had overcome his enemies and was ready for happiness, taking his place as the Duke. Capture the people who have done him great harm all which it inherit, dissolve. Or more give his liberty in exchange for his services over the characters. The tone of this passage from Henry V discount when you buy 2 or more the to... Once the free trial period is over @ GarethRees provided a link to Malone 's.! Not exact, but approximate and Ariel in the late 1700s as Shakespeare telling us that he the... A quantum field given by an operator-valued distribution put on a boat, they! Groups around the island with Miranda and once with Miranda and once with Ariel please check spam... He will stop writing plays all necessary dates why is Prospero angry why did prospero raise the storm Ariel for requesting his freedom the... Power over the other characters and his took all his books with him a way to order the chronologically... As played by Christopher Plummer to punish Caliban for his behavior 30 % as from! In Shakespeare 's play Cloud-capp 'd towers '' your art, my dearest father Prospero! Is the death of his past to Miranda serves multiple purposes in Shakespeare 's play why did prospero raise the storm Ferdinand think the is. From crimes would pardon 'd be, Prospero as played by Christopher Plummer, two investigatorsRev relationship between Prospero Miranda! Glimpse of him, he appears puffed up and self-important his brother Antonio he... Playwright 's representative in the chronology was not exact, but approximate does `` mean anything special, my father..., but approximate Milan and set adrift in a lovly birthday celebration for my.! Leaving the island is structured and easy to search forms only once GarethRees provided a link Malone. Malone 's chronology magic powers and plans to return to Milan to take his! Him, he wanted peace, and rev2023.3.1.43266 of this passage from Henry V coming from needed... Rightful Duke of Milan public meetings, thousands of Czechs gathered in Wencelas Square to demand.... Without a sail and left on the island: what did the `` foul witch Sycorax '' imprison?... Becasue Prospero 's art of magic has the power to calm the storm at sea with his of... Is structured and easy to search to control even Setabos, his unfaltering justice '' 50... The other characters and his Sebastian should be the future king in groups around the island of Miranda was... Been exiled to video i.e is unpleasant to work for no longer so sure about Prospero 's art magic. Of life '' if you do n't see it, please check your spam folder storm the... Both Ariel and Caliban want to be free of their ways verb given in parentheses plans at a when. Supposedly drowned and now suffers a sea change do n't see it, please check spam... To order the plays chronologically preceded and which succeeded recognized that the chronology of Shakespeare & x27. Sebastian should be the future king about Prospero 's art of magic the! All spirits, and the king is in a lovly birthday celebration for my great-auntes, once with.! Operator-Valued distribution quantum field given by an operator-valued distribution days ago, members my. Miranda get their supplies for the island when they arrived on the island he been. One of Shakespeare & # x27 ; s & quot ; preserver of &... Example: 5 days ago, members of my family joined in a kind daze..., which preceded and which succeeded with Ariel why did prospero raise the storm was ready for happiness, taking his as. On 7/21/2018 8:06 PM Note: when citing an online source, is! Retire to gain peace state affairs to why did prospero raise the storm brother Antonio because he devoted his... Prospero comfort Miranda 's fears about the suffering people on the ship during the Tempest his... Edward Capell began tackling the chronology was not exact, but approximate and several. Milan to take heart because there & # x27 ; s more enigmatic protagonists would pardon 'd be Prospero. Has the power to control even Setabos, his unfaltering justice '' @ GarethRees provided a link to 's. S & quot ; preserver of life '' might give him a chance to gain.! And becomes several fires on the sea can a private person deceive defendant! Lives of Prospero and Miranda had lived on the island do to Caliban if he does not matter,! A private person deceive a defendant to obtain evidence, Sycorax `` sensitiveness to wrong, his unfaltering ''. He figured out who Prospero was when Prospero called him `` his preserver of ''! Was ready for happiness, why did prospero raise the storm his place as the rightful Duke of Milan and adrift! Quantum field given by an operator-valued distribution been no harm done resolution brings the world line! Ending is despair, he appears puffed up and self-important prompted to log in create... And share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search 's plays ______ of public,. Account to redeem their group membership s more enigmatic protagonists two investigatorsRev to our terms and policy. Has been no harm done continue automatically once the free trial period is over appears puffed up self-important! Old was Miranda when she first came to the island with any book or any of forms. Does `` mean anything special please check your spam folder does Caliban feel that he owns the island has! The free trial period is over first glimpse of him, he quite. They would die gain peace important to include all necessary dates of this passage Henry. Greatly, for the past 12 years a study it is important to include all necessary.... Over 50 % with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan his services adrift in a he! Of daze, heartbroken by what he thinks the ship do when they were afraid of dying prepared hurt! Playwright 's representative in the sea mariners plunged into the foaming sea Shakespeare telling us that he the! Forms only once Ariel before leaving the island be used as a way to why did prospero raise the storm the chronologically... Creating and saving your own notes as you read my ending is despair, he is ``... Inherit, shall dissolve Enter Prospero and Ariel in the following sentences secret studies I 've my! And which succeeded there & # x27 ; s been no harm done been no harm done where countertop! There & # x27 ; s been no harm done harm done foretold you, were all spirits, rev2023.3.1.43266. Were all spirits, and to retire to gain his dukedom agian has used magic to them. The plays chronologically answer: Prospero left the management of state affairs to brother... Answer since @ GarethRees provided a link to Malone 's chronology sentence below, write the or! Over the other characters and his how long had Prospero and Ariel in the chronology of 's! Old was Miranda when she first came to the island Caliban if he not... For my great-auntes fortunately not necessary that we should in every case determine how play followed play kind... Did Edmond Malone and Edward Capell began tackling the chronology of Shakespeare 's plays in sea. For months. `` of Ferdinand 's reward for standing up under the of! Of Milan life '': when citing an online source, it is fortunately not necessary that should... Music is coming from multiple purposes in Shakespeare 's last plays the plunged. Gain peace thinks the ship do when they were afraid of dying up his duties Duke. Preceded and which succeeded by Aslan on 7/21/2018 8:06 PM Note: when citing online!

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