Freeman can also be an African American or Jewish name. From the outset of hostilities in October 1899 to the signing of peace on 31 May 1902 the war claimed the lives of 22,000 imperial soldiers and 7,000 republican fighters. FamilyEducation does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. The first was formed by Hermann Eckstein in 1887, eventually becoming Rand Mines. "B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson. Smiths created objects of iron, copper and gold both for local decorative use and for foreign trade. [198] The armed wing of the ANC, Umkhonto weSizwe (abbreviation MK, meaning Spear of the Nation) claimed moral legitimacy for the resort to violence on the grounds of necessary defence and just war. [116] The conflict ended almost as soon as it began with a decisive Boer victory at Battle of Majuba Hill (27 February 1881). English and Dutch became the two official languages in 1925.[129][130]. The survivors were captured and allegedly enslaved. Meanwhile, the British, who viewed their defeat at Majuba as an aberration, forged ahead with their desire to federate the Southern African colonies and republics. A president may serve a maximum of two terms. Meaning: Spirit. On 27 April 1994, after decades of passive resistance, armed struggle, terrorism and international opposition to apartheid, the first black party African National Congress (ANC) achieved victory in the country's first democratic election. Ismail bowled a delivery at a speed of 80 miles per hour i.e. [98], By the 1870s and 1880s the mines at Kimberley were producing 95% of the world's diamonds. This was accomplished after several years of negotiations, when the South Africa Act 1909 consolidated the Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State into one nation. Pro-apartheid South Africans attempted to justify the Bantustan policy by citing the British government's 1947 partition of India, which they claimed was a similar situation that did not arouse international condemnation. The settlers, incorrectly, believed that the Cape Colony administration had taken the money due to them as payment for freeing their slaves. Others said it was not relevant to the struggle for their rights. [108], Within two years of gold being discovered on the Witwatersrand, four mining finance houses had been established. They saw this as the best way to come to terms with the fact of a white Afrikaner majority, as well as to promote their larger strategic interests in the area. Following the defeat of the Boers in the AngloBoer or South African War (18991902), the Union of South Africa was created as a self-governing dominion of the British Empire on 31 May 1910 in terms of the South Africa Act 1909, which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies: Cape Colony, Colony of Natal, Transvaal Colony, and Orange River Colony. The more radical Boers split away under the leadership of General Barry Hertzog, forming the National Party (NP) in 1914. 78. It replaced the flag that had been used since 1928, and was chosen to represent multiculturalism and ethnic diversity in the country's new, post-apartheid democratic society. [citation needed], The TRC, at the conclusion of its mandate in 2004, handed over a list of 300 names of alleged perpetrators to the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) for investigation and prosecution by the NPA's Priority Crimes Litigation Unit. The conventional view is that availability of livestock was one reason why, in the mid-17th century, the Dutch East India Company established a staging post where the port city of Cape Town is today situated. The . [179] The Cuban intervention was decisive in helping reverse SADF and UNITA advances and cement MPLA rule in Angola. Fourie, J. The precious metal that underpinned international trade would dominate South African exports for decades to come. Aubrey Newman, Nicholas J Evans, J Graham Smith & Saul W Issroff. [118] The enormous wealth of the mines was in the hands of European "Randlords" overseeing the mainly British foreign managers, mining foremen, engineers and technical specialists, characterised by the Boers as uitlander, meaning aliens. Colin Newbury, "Technology, Capital, and Consolidation: The Performance of De Beers Mining Company Limited, 18801889". The prisoners were mainly members of the Pan Africanist Congress and United Democratic Front.[209]. Abioye (Yoruba origin) meaning "son of royalty". Ababio - Origin: Ghanaian. Nala Origin: Somali, African Meaning: Us Alternative Spellings & Variations: Naala, Nale, Nahla, Nalla British policy with regard to South Africa would vacillate with successive governments, but the overarching imperative throughout the 19th century was to protect the strategic trade route to India while incurring as little expense as possible within the colony. [224], Migrant labour remained a fundamental aspect of the South African mining industry, which employed half a million mostly black miners. Chidubem - This name is Igbo for "God is my guide." Igwe - Many Igbo people in South Africa have this last name. British sovereignty of the area was recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Dutch accepting a payment of 6 million pounds for the colony. Kaiser Wilhelm's government arranged for the two Boer Republics to purchase modern breech-loading Mauser rifles and millions of smokeless gunpowder cartridges. Smuts also signed the Paris Peace Treaty, resolving the peace in Europe, thus becoming the only signatory of both the treaty ending the First World War, and that which ended the Second.[140]. However, an ill-informed British attempt to force the states of southern Africa into a British federation led to inter-ethnic tensions and the First Boer War. By the time it was finally quelled, hundreds of protesters had been shot dead with many more wounded or arrested by police. This territory and others in the region then became the Republic of the Orange Free State.[85]. The majority of burghers had Dutch ancestry and belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church, but there were also some Germans, who often happened to be Lutherans. It is likely that around 50% of white men of military age served during the war, more than 146,000 whites. Labour unrest in the industry resulted in a massacre in mid-August 2012, when anti-riot police shot dead 34 striking miners and wounded many more in what is known as the Marikana massacre. There are 642 immigration records available for the last name South African. Between 19601994, according to statistics from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the Inkatha Freedom Party was responsible for 4,500 deaths, South African Police 2,700, and the ANC about 1,300. [124] In terms of the peace agreement known as the Treaty of Vereeniging, the Boer republics acknowledged British sovereignty, while the British in turn committed themselves to reconstruction of the areas under their control. Ransford, Oliver. Family Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and students. On 10 May 1994 Mandela was inaugurated as South Africa's new President in Pretoria with Thabo Mbeki and F. W. De Klerk as his vice-presidents. [194][195][196], Organised resistance to Afrikaner nationalism was not confined exclusively to activists of the oppressed, dark-skinned population. The first KhoikhoiDutch War broke out in 1659, the second in 1673, and the third 16741677. After the suppression of the abortive, pro-German Maritz Rebellion during the South African World War I campaign against German South West Africa in 1914, the South African rebel General Manie Maritz escaped to Spain. Find your family's origin in the United States, average life expectancy, most common occupation, and more. [210] Both sides were forced to the negotiating table, with the result that in June 1991, all apartheid laws were finally rescinded- opening the way for the country's first multiracial democratic elections three years later. In response, the stadtholder, who had taken up residence in England, issued the Kew Letters, ordering colonial governors to surrender to the British. Meaning: 'Lion.' 3. [131], Public opinion in South Africa split along racial and ethnic lines. The Cape was relinquished back to the Dutch in 1803. Guelke, Leonard (1976). [234] These also involved corruption related financial difficulties at some state owned enterprises such as Eskom and South African Airways that had a notable negative economic impact on the country's finances. In late October, Boer commandos supported by local Kgatla tribal collaborators laid siege to the caves. [145], The early-1940s saw the pro-Nazi Ossewa Brandwag (OB) movement become half-a-million strong, including future prime minister John Vorster and Hendrik van den Bergh, the future head of police intelligence. [74], Although no formally surveyed boundaries existed, Griqua leader Nicolaas Waterboer claimed the diamond fields were situated on land belonging to the Griquas. [203], Hundreds of students and others who fled to neighbouring countries, especially Botswana, to avoid arrest after the Soweto uprising of 16 June 1976, provided a fertile recruiting ground for the military wings of both the ANC and PAC. Their South African National Party, later known as the South African Party or SAP, followed a generally pro-British, white-unity line. The government declared martial law on 14 October 1914, and forces loyal to the government under the command of generals Louis Botha and Jan Smuts defeated the rebellion. Afumba From 19481994, South African politics was dominated by Afrikaner nationalism. An academic study conducted in 2006, found that South Africans showed levels of xenophobia greater than anywhere else in the world. Akpan. Sotho-speakers know this period as the difaqane ("forced migration"); Zulu-speakers call it the mfecane ("crushing"). The independent Boer republic of Orange Free State evolved from colonial Britain's Orange River Sovereignty, enforced by the presence of British troops, which lasted from 1848 to 1854 in the territory between the Orange and Vaal rivers, named Transorange. [11][12][13], The San and Khoikhoi are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations. A short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family. In 1688, the Dutch and the Germans were joined by French Huguenots, Calvinist Protestants fleeing religious persecution in France under its Catholic ruler, King Louis XIV. Eventually, in the 1830s, large numbers of Boers migrated in what came to be known as the Great Trek. Last names come from indigenous, colonialist, and diasporic roots. Large white South African diasporas, both English- and Afrikaans-speaking, sprouted in Australia, New Zealand, North America, and especially in the UK, to which around 550,000 South Africans emigrated. You can find birthdates, death dates, addresses and more. The British High Commission territories of Basutoland (now Lesotho), Bechuanaland (now Botswana), and Swaziland (now Eswatini) continued under direct rule from Britain. Its underground cells conducted armed robberies to raise funds and obtain weapons and vehicles. There is also a Jat tribe with the same name. "Untold History with a Historiography: A Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South African History.". Southern Africa was later populated by Bantu-speaking people who migrated from the western region of central Africa during the early centuries AD. The Boers took a defensive position with the high banks of the Ncome River forming a natural barrier to their rear with their ox waggons as barricades between themselves and the attacking Zulu army. Available at, Edgerton, Robert B, Africa's armies: from honor to infamy: a history from 1791 to the present (2002) p.109. The language law caused friction, distrust and dissatisfaction. The ANC-led government, in a historic reversal of policy, adopted neoliberalism instead. Van der Merwe is a common Afrikaans surname, derived from the Dutch van der Merwen ("from the Merwede"). [214] ANC icon Nelson Mandela, asserted in a statement released on 25 January 1990: "The nationalisation of the mines, banks and monopoly industries is the policy of the ANC, and a change or modification of our views in this regard is inconceivable. 30. Male | Jabulani, a Zulu name often shortened to Jabu, means "rejoice" and is pronounced Jah-boo-LAH-nee. Afrikaners were split, with some like Botha and Smuts taking a prominent leadership role in the British war effort. An estimated five thousand Zulu warriors were involved. 2022 Sandbox Networks Inc. All rights reserved. The VOC, one of the major European trading houses sailing the spice route to the East, had no intention of colonizing the area, instead wanting only to establish a secure base camp where passing ships could be serviced and restock on supplies. Special African Surnames, their Origin and What they Mean 1. [222] The debt was finally settled in September 2001. Providing important rest and refuelling stations, the Royal Navy could ensure vital sea lane connections to the British Raj, and the Far East stayed open. Abebe: The genesis of this Ethiopian name is Amharic, and it means 'flower' or 'blossom'. A movement known as the Torch Commando was formed in the 1950s, led by white war veterans who had fought fascism in Europe and North Africa during World War II, only to find fascism on the rise in South Africa when they returned home. They Mean 1 arranged for the two Boer Republics to purchase modern breech-loading rifles! 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